Toluene misuse and long-term harms: A systematic review of the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature

Abstract

Organic solvent abuse is associated with increased risk for serious medical, neurological, and neuropsychological impairments. While animal research suggests that exposure to organic solvents (especially toluene) may be neurotoxic, much less is known about the consequences of long-term exposure in humans. We reviewed neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies examining chronic toluene misuse in humans. Thirty empirical studies fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including case studies (n = 9) as well as group studies with (n = 11) and without a control group (n = 10). Our review indicates that toluene preferentially affects white matter (relative to gray matter) structures and p..